Grid-line-free contact for a photovoltaic cell

ABSTRACT

Electrical contact to the front side of a photovoltaic cell is provided by an array of conductive through-substrate vias, and optionally, an array of conductive blocks located on the front side of the photovoltaic cell. A dielectric liner provides electrical isolation of each conductive through-substrate via from the semiconductor material of the photovoltaic cell. A dielectric layer on the backside of the photovoltaic cell is patterned to cover a contiguous region including all of the conductive through-substrate vias, while exposing a portion of the backside of the photovoltaic cell. A conductive material layer is deposited on the back surface of the photovoltaic cell, and is patterned to form a first conductive wiring structure that electrically connects the conductive through-substrate vias and a second conductive wiring structure that provides electrical connection to the backside of the photovoltaic cell.

BACKGROUND

The present invention generally relates to structures that provideelectrical contacts only from a backside of a multi junctionphotovoltaic cell in order to increase an effective area of thephotovoltaic cell, and methods of manufacturing the same.

A photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light directly intoelectricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of photovoltaic cellsare used to make solar panels, solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays. Aphotovoltaic cell can be formed by providing a large area p-n junctionin a semiconductor material.

A space charge region is formed around a p-n junction in a photovoltaiccell. Photons that impinge on the space charge region generate at leastone electron-hole pair if absorbed by the semiconductor material in thespace charge region. The electrons and holes diffuse in oppositedirections, thereby accumulating positive charges in the bulk portion ofthe p-doped material and accumulating negative charges in the bulkportion of the n-doped material.

Conventional photovoltaic cells are configured to provide a p-dopedregion on one side of the cell and an n-doped region on the oppositeside of the cell. For example, the front side of the cell can be thep-doped region and the back surface of the cell can be the n-dopedregion, or vice versa. First electrical contacts are made to one node ofthe photovoltaic cell from the front side, and second electricalcontacts are made to the other node of the photovoltaic cell from theback surface. Because the electrical contacts on the front side need tobe wired together, a one dimensional array of metal lines is provided onthe front side of conventional photovoltaic cells. Such metal lines arecalled “grid lines” on a photovoltaic cell.

However, such gird lines block a significant portion of the front sideof the photovoltaic cell, thereby reducing the effective area of thephotovoltaic cell. Moreover, the width of grid lines on the front sidecannot exceed a threshold width in order to limit the reduction of theeffective area of the photovoltaic cell. Thus, the resistance of thegrid lines on the front side of the photovoltaic cell is significant,and the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell is reduced through resistiveheating of the grid lines during operation.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In an embodiment of the present invention, a photovoltaic cell that doesnot employ a wiring structure on the front side is provided. Absence ofa wiring structure on the front side increases effective area of thephotovoltaic cell. Electrical contact to the front side of thephotovoltaic cell is provided by an array of conductivethrough-substrate vias, and optionally, an array of conductive blockslocated on the front side of the photovoltaic cell. A dielectric linerprovides electrical isolation of each conductive through-substrate viafrom the semiconductor material of the photovoltaic cell. A dielectriclayer on the backside of the photovoltaic cell is patterned to cover acontiguous region including all of the conductive through-substratevias, while exposing a portion of the backside of the photovoltaic cell.A conductive material layer is deposited on the back surface of thephotovoltaic cell, and is patterned to form a first conductive wiringstructure that electrically connects the conductive through-substratevias and a second conductive wiring structure that provides electricalconnection to the backside of the photovoltaic cell.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a photovoltaic cellstructure is provided. The photovoltaic cell structure includes asubstrate, at least one laterally-insulated through-substrate contactstructure, a first contiguous metal wiring structure, and a secondcontiguous metal wiring structure. The substrate includes a photovoltaicmaterial that generates a non-zero electric potential across a frontsurface and a back surface of the substrate upon irradiation byelectromagnetic radiation. The at least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure is embedded in the substrate. Eachof the at least one laterally-insulated through-substrate contactstructure includes a dielectric liner and a conductive through-substratevia, which is conductively connected to a surface portion of thesubstrate located at the front surface and electrically isolated fromthe back surface. The first contiguous metal wiring structure is spacedfrom the back surface, and is in contact with at least one conductivethrough-substrate via in the at least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure. The second contiguous metal wiringstructure is in contact with the back surface of the substrate. Thenon-zero electric potential is provided across the first and secondcontiguous metal wiring structures.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method offorming a photovoltaic cell structure is provided. A dielectric layer isformed on a back surface of a substrate, which includes a photovoltaicmaterial that generates a non-zero electric potential between a frontsurface and the back surface of the substrate upon irradiation byelectromagnetic radiation. At least one through-substrate trench isformed in the substrate. At least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure is formed in the substrate byfilling the at least one through-substrate trench. A first contiguousmetal wiring structure is formed on at least one conductivethrough-substrate via in the at least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure. The first contiguous metal wiringstructure is spaced from the back surface by the dielectric layer. Asecond contiguous metal wiring structure is formed directly on the backsurface of the substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Figures with a suffix “A” are top down views. FIGS. 1-3 and figures witha suffix “B” are vertical cross-sectional views. A B-B′ plane in afigure with a numeric label and the suffix “A” is the plane of thevertical cross-sectional view for the figure with the same numeric labeland the suffix “B.”

FIGS. 1-3 and 4A-9B are views of a first exemplary photovoltaic cellstructure at various stages of a manufacturing process according to afirst embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10A-12B are views of a second exemplary photovoltaic cellstructure at various stages of a manufacturing process according to asecond embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 13A-14B are views of a third exemplary photovoltaic cell structureat various stages of a manufacturing process according to a thirdembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 15A and 15B are views of a fourth exemplary photovoltaic cellstructure according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As stated above, the present invention relates to structures thatprovide electrical contacts only from a backside of a multi-junctionphotovoltaic cell in order to increase an effective area of thephotovoltaic cell, and methods of manufacturing the same, which are nowdescribed in detail with accompanying figures. Throughout the drawings,the same reference numerals or letters are used to designate like orequivalent elements. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

As used herein, a “photovoltaic material” refers to any material thatgenerates a voltage difference between two terminals upon irradiation byelectromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation can include thevisible spectrum, the ultraviolet range, and the infrared range.

As used herein, a first element is “conductively connected” to a secondelement if there is a conduction path between the first and secondelements that allow passing of an electrical current.

As used herein, a “proximal surface” of an element that is located on asubstrate refers to the surface of that element that is closest to thesubstrate.

As used herein, a “distal surface” of an element that is located on asubstrate refers to the surface of that element this is farthest awayfrom the substrate.

As used herein, a first element is “directly adjoined to” a secondelement if the first and second elements make a physical contact at apoint, at a one-dimensional curve, or at a two-dimensional surface.

As used herein, a “laterally-insulated through-substrate contactstructure” is a structure including a conductive element and aninsulating element, in which the conductive element conductivelyconnects a first element located on one side of a substrate and a secondelement located on the opposite side of the substrate, and the insultingelement electrically isolates the conductive element from the substrate.

Referring to FIG. 1, a first exemplary photovoltaic cell structureaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention includes asubstrate 10 and an anti-reflective layer 20 located on the frontsurface 17 of the substrate 10. The substrate 10 includes a photovoltaicmaterial that generates a non-zero electric potential between the frontsurface 17 and the back surface 19 of the substrate 10 upon irradiationby electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation can be inthe visible spectrum, ultraviolet range, and/or infrared range.

The photovoltaic material can be a crystalline material or an amorphousmaterial. The crystalline material can be single crystalline silicon,polycrystalline silicon, germanium, gallium indium, and/or galliumarsenide (GaAs). The amorphous and multicrystalline material can beamorphous silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), and/or copper indiumdiselenide (CuInSe₂, or CIS). The photovoltaic material can be in theform of a block, or can be in the form of a thin film

In case the photovoltaic material is a semiconductor material, thephotovoltaic material can have a built-in p-n junction 15 in thesubstrate 10. In this case, the substrate includes a p-dopedsemiconductor material and an n-doped semiconductor material thatcollectively form the p-n junction 15 at a surface between the frontsurface 17 and the back surface 19 of the substrate 10. In general, anytype of photovoltaic material can be employed in the substrate 10 forthe purposes of the present invention.

The substrate 10 includes a “surface portion” 39, which is a portion ofthe substrate 10 directly beneath the front surface 17 of the substrate10. Electrical charges of one type accumulate in the surface region 39of the substrate 10 when the photovoltaic material in the substrate 10is exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The surface region 39 is afront surface portion of the photovoltaic material that is located onthe front side on the substrate 10 and is spaced from the p-n junction15. Electrical charges of the opposite type accumulate in a back surfaceregion 38 of the substrate 10 this is located directly on the backsurface 19 of the substrate 10. If the substrate 10 is flipped upsidedown, the back surface region 38 of the substrate 10 is located directlyunderneath the back surface 19 of the substrate 10.

The anti-reflective layer 20 is located directly on the front surface 17of the substrate 10. In the first exemplary photovoltaic cell structure,the anti-reflective layer 20 can be a dielectric material, asemiconducting material, or a conductive material. The anti-reflectivelayer 20 minimizes reflection of the electromagnetic radiation in thewavelength range that the photosensitive material in the substrate 10absorbs. The thickness of the anti-reflective layer 20 can be optimizedto minimize the reflection of the electromagnetic radiation. Forexample, the thickness of the anti-reflective layer 20 can be from 5 nmto 100 nm, although lesser and greater thickness can be employed.Preferably, the conductive material of the anti-reflective layer 20 hasa low absorption coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in thewavelength range that the photosensitive material in the substrate 10absorbs. The anti-reflective layer 20 can have a homogeneouscomposition, or can include a plurality of layers having differentcompositions. Any other anti-reflective material can be employed for theanti-reflective layer 20 of the first embodiment of the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 2, the substrate 10 can be flipped upside down so thatthe back surface 19 of the substrate 10 faces up and the anti-reflectivelayer 20 faces down. A dielectric layer 30 is formed on the back surface19 of the substrate 10. The dielectric layer 30 can be formed, forexample, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a dielectric material.The dielectric material for the dielectric layer 30 can be siliconoxide, silicon nitride, a dielectric metallic oxide, a dielectricmetallic nitride, or a combination thereof. The thickness of thedielectric layer 30, as measured between a proximal surface 31 of thedielectric layer 30 that contacts the back surface of the substrate 10and a distal surface 33 of the dielectric layer 30 that is exposed, canbe from 10 nm to 10,000 nm, and preferably from 100 nm to 1,000 nm,although lesser and greater thicknesses can be employed.

Referring to FIG. 3, at least one through-substrate trench 11 is formedin the dielectric layer 30 and the substrate 10. For example, a firstphotoresist 37 can be applied over the exposed upper surface of thedielectric layer 30, and lithographically patterned to form at least oneopening. The at least one opening in the photoresist 37 can be aplurality of openings. The plurality of openings in the photoresist 37can be, for example, a one-dimensional array of openings or atwo-dimensional array of openings.

The pattern in the at least one opening in the photoresist 37 istransferred into the dielectric layer 30 and the substrate 10 to formthe at least one through-substrate trench 11, which extends from thedistal surface 33 of the dielectric layer 30 to a depth within thesurface region 39 of the substrate 10. An anisotropic etch, such as areactive ion etch (RIE), can be employed to etch the material of thedielectric layer 30 and the substrate 10 selective to the photoresist37. The horizontal cross-sectional area of the at least onethrough-substrate trench 11 can be substantially constant as a functionof depth within the at least one through-substrate trench 11, oralternately, the horizontal cross-sectional area of the at least onethrough-substrate trench 11 can decrease as a function of depth due to ataper in the sidewalls of the at least one through-substrate trench 11.

The anisotropic etch employed to form the at least one through-substratetrench 11 can be timed to stop when at least one bottom surface of theat least one through-substrate trench 11 is within the surface region 39of the substrate 10. The anisotropic etch stops before the at least onebottom surface of the at least one through-substrate trench 11 reachesthe anti-reflective layer 20. Thus, the at least one bottom surface ofthe at least one through-substrate trench 11 exposes a surface at whichelectrical charges accumulate when the photovoltaic material of thesubstrate 10 is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation. The firstphotoresist 37 is subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.

Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, at least one dielectric liner 12 is formedon the sidewalls of the at least one through-substrate trench 11. Forexample, the at least one dielectric liner 12 can be formed bydepositing a dielectric material layer and anisotropically etching thehorizontal portions of the dielectric material layer. The remainingvertical portions of the dielectric material layer on the sidewalls ofthe at least one through-substrate trench 11 constitute the at least onedielectric liner 12. The top portion of the at least one dielectricliner 12 can be substantially coplanar with the distal surface 33 of thedielectric layer 30. Thus, the at least one dielectric liner 12protrudes out of the back surface of the substrate and contacts asidewall of the dielectric layer 30.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the at least one through-substrate trench11 is filled with a conductive material to form at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40. The conductive material can be, for example,W, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, WN, TaN, TiN, a conducting doped semiconductormaterial, a conductive metal semiconductor alloy, or a combinationthereof. The conductive material can be deposited by electroplating,electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layerdeposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), or a combinationthereof. The excess material on the distal surface 33 of the dielectriclayer 30 can be removed, for example, by chemical mechanicalplanarization, a recess etch, or a combination thereof.

The at least one dielectric liner 12 and the at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40 collectively constitute at least onelaterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure (12, 40), whichis embedded in the substrate 10 and provides a vertical conductive paththat is electrically isolated in the lateral direction. Thus, the atleast one conductive through-substrate via 40 is conductively connectedonly to the surface region 39 of the substrate 10, but is notconductively connected to any other portion of the substrate 10.Particularly, the conductive through-substrate via 40 is electricallyisolated from the back surface 19 of the substrate 10.

A backside end surface of the at least one conductive through-substratevia 40 can be substantially coplanar with the distal surface 33 of thedielectric layer 30. Each of the at least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure (12, 40) includes a dielectric liner12 and a conductive through-substrate via 40 that is conductivelyconnected to the surface region 39 of the substrate 10 and iselectrically isolated from the back surface 19 of the substrate 10. Aportion of the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40protrudes out of the back surface 19 of the substrate 10.

The at least one laterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure(12, 40) can be a plurality of laterally-insulated through-substratecontact structures (12, 40), and can be a one-dimensional array or atwo-dimensional array of laterally-insulated through-substrate contactstructures (12, 40).

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a second photoresist 47 is applied on thedistal surface 33 of the dielectric layer 30. The second photoresist 47is lithographically patterned so that all of the at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40 is covered by the second photoresist 47, whilethe distal surface 33 of the dielectric layer 30 is exposed in areasbetween the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40. Thelocation of the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 isshown in dotted lines in FIG. 6A. The sidewalls of the secondphotoresist 47 after lithographic patterning can be a contiguous surfaceoverlying a contiguous line on the distal surface 33 of the dielectriclayer 30, in which the contiguous line separates a contiguous areaincluding the areas of all of the at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40 from a complementary area.

The pattern in the second photoresist 47 is transferred into thedielectric layer 30 to form a patterned dielectric layer 30′, which is aremaining portion of the dielectric layer 30 after the transfer of thepattern in the second photoresist 47. A contiguous portion of the backsurface 19 of the substrate 10 is exposed after the formation of thepatterned dielectric layer 30′. The second photoresist 47 issubsequently removed. Preferably, the removal of the second photoresist47 is selective to the substrate 10 and the patterned dielectric layer30′.

Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, a conductive material layer 50L isdeposited on the back surface 19 of the substrate 10 and the exposedsurface(s), i.e., the backside end surface(s), of at least oneconductive through-substrate via 40. The conductive material layer 50Lhas a conductive material such as W, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, WN, TaN, TiN, aconducting doped semiconductor material, a conductive metalsemiconductor alloy, or a combination thereof. Preferably, theconductive material of the conductive material layer 50L is a metallicmaterial. The conductive material layer 50L can be formed, for example,by electroplating, electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD),atomic layer deposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), or acombination thereof. The thickness of the conductive material layer 50Lcan be from 100 nm to 10,000 nm, and typically from 300 nm to 3,000 nm,although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. Theconductive material layer 50L can include a non-recessed region 3 and arecessed region 5. The non-recessed region 3 is located over thepatterned dielectric layer 30′ and the at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40. The recessed region 5 is located over aportion of the back surface 19 of the substrate 10 that does not contactthe patterned dielectric layer 30′. The conductive material layer 50Lcan have substantially vertical sidewalls between an exposed surface ofthe non-recessed region 3 and an exposed surface of the recessed region5.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, a third photoresist 57 is applied over theconductive material layer 50L and lithographically patterned into twocontiguous photoresist portions that are separated from each other. Afirst contiguous region 57A of the third photoresist 57 overlies all ofthe at least one conductive through-substrate via 40. Preferably, thearea covered by the first contiguous region 57A of the third photoresist57 is less than the area covered by the second photoresist 47 (See FIG.6A) after lithographic patterning. The second contiguous region 57B ofthe third photoresist 57 overlies all of the recessed region 5 (SeeFIGS. 7A and 7B) of the conductive material layer 50L.

In one embodiment, the sidewalls of the second contiguous region 57B ofthe third photoresist 57 overlie the patterned dielectric layer 30′.

Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the pattern in the third photoresist 57 istransferred into the conductive material layer SOL, for example, by ananisotropic etch. A first remaining portion of the conductive materiallayer 50L is formed under the first contiguous potion 57A of the thirdphotoresist 57, and a second remaining portion of the conductivematerial layer 50L is formed under the second contiguous region 57B ofthe third photoresist 57. The first remaining portion of the conductivematerial layer 50L is derived from the portion of the conductivematerial layer SOL in the non-recessed region 3 (See FIGS. 7A and 7B).The second remaining portion of the conductive material layer 50Lincludes the portion of the conductive material layer 50L in therecessed region 5 (See FIGS. 7A and 7B).

The first remaining portion of the conductive material layer 50Lconstitutes a contiguous metal wiring structure 50A, and the secondremaining portion of the conductive material layer 50L constitutes asecond contiguous metal wiring structure 50B. The first contiguous metalwiring structure 50A and the second contiguous metal wiring structure50B are laterally separated from each other by a contiguous space.

The first contiguous metal wiring structure 50A is formed on at leastone conductive through-substrate via 40 in the at least onelaterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure (12, 40). Thefirst contiguous metal wiring structure 50A is vertically spaced fromthe back surface 19 of the substrate 10 by the patterned dielectriclayer 30′. The second contiguous metal wiring structure SOB is formeddirectly on the back surface 19 of the substrate 10. The thirdphotoresist 57 are subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.

The patterned dielectric layer 30′ can have a distal surface 33 that issubstantially coplanar with an end surface of the at least oneconductive through-substrate via 40. The patterned dielectric layer 30′can have a proximal surface 31 that contacts a portion of the backsurface 19 of the substrate 10. Further, the patterned dielectric layer30′ can have a vertical surface 35 that contacts outer sidewalls of theat least one dielectric liner 12.

A proximal surface 51 of the first contiguous metal wiring structure 50Ais in contact with the distal surface 33 of the patterned dielectriclayer 30′. The entirety of a proximal surface 51 of the first contiguousmetal wiring structure 50A can be coplanar with the distal surface 33 ofthe patterned dielectric layer 30′. All vertical sidewalls 56 of thefirst contiguous metal wiring structure 50A can be directly adjoined tothe distal surface 33 of the patterned dielectric layer 30′. Somevertical sidewalls 58 of the second contiguous metal wiring structure50B can be directly adjoined to the distal surface 33 of the patterneddielectric layer 30′. The distal surface 59 of the second contiguousmetal wiring structure 5013 can be coplanar with a distal surface 53 ofthe first contiguous metal wiring structure 50A.

The first contiguous metal wiring structure 50A functions as one node ofthe first exemplary photovoltaic cell, and the second contiguous metalwiring structure 5013 functions as the other node of the first exemplaryphotovoltaic cell. The first contiguous metal wiring structure 50A makesan electrical contact with the surface region 39 through the at leastone conductive through-substrate via 40. The second contiguous metalwiring structure 50B makes physical contact and electrical contact withthe back surface 19 of the substrate 10, thereby making electricalcontact with a backside surface region 38 of the substrate 10.Electrical charges of one type accumulate in the surface region 39 ofthe substrate upon illumination of electromagnetic radiation on thesubstrate 10. At the same time, electrical charges of the opposite typeaccumulate in the backside surface region 38 of the substrate 10. Thus,non-zero electric potential is provided across the first and secondcontiguous metal wiring structures (50A, 50B) upon irradiation of thesubstrate 10 with electromagnetic radiation.

Conductive wiring structure can be absent on the front side of the firstexemplary photovoltaic cell structure because all conductive wiringstructures (50A, 50B) are provided on the backside of the substrate 10.The entirety of the front surface of the first exemplary photovoltaiccell structure can be covered by the anti-reflective layer 20 that iscontiguous and does not contain any hole. Thus, the first exemplaryphotovoltaic cell structure provides enhanced area utilization overprior art photovoltaic cell structures that require a set of conductivewiring structures on the front side. The enhanced area utilization inthe first exemplary photovoltaic cell structure increases the efficiencyand/or compactness over prior art structures.

The loss in the effective area for photogeneration of electric chargesin the first exemplary photovoltaic cell structure is due to the areaoccupied by the at least one laterally-insulated through-substratecontact structures (12, 40), which can be less than 2% of the area ofthe substrate 10. This contrasts with a real loss over 10% due to thepresence of metal lines on the front side of prior art photovoltaic cellstructures. Thus, the first exemplary photovoltaic cell structureprovides greater efficiency by utilizing more fraction of the areaprovided by the substrate 10 for photogeneration of electricity.Further, the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 providesan effective and short conductive path to the backside of the substrate10, and the first contiguous metal wiring structures 50A can utilize asignificant fraction, e.g., 40% or more, of the area of the substrate 10to form a conductive path, thereby reducing the resistivity of the firstcontiguous metal wiring structures 50A.

Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, a second exemplary photovoltaic cellstructure according to a second embodiment of the present invention isderived from the first exemplary photovoltaic cell structure of FIG. 3by employing a conductive material for the anti-reflective layer 20 andextending the anisotropic etch during the formation of the at least onethrough-substrate trench 11.

The anisotropic etch employed to form the at least one through-substratetrench 11 is extended to etch through all of the surface region 39 inthe substrate 10. The anisotropic etch can employ an endpoint scheme tostop at the proximal surface 21 of the anti-reflective layer 20.Alternately or additionally, the etch chemistry for the anisotropic etchcan be selected to be selective to the material of the anti-reflectivelayer 20, i.e., to etch only the photosensitive material of thesubstrate 10 and not to etch the material of the anti-reflective layer20. In a variation of the second embodiment, the anti-reflective layer20 can be partially etched so that a bottom surface of the at least onethrough-substrate trench 11 is located within a portion of theanti-reflective layer 20.

At least one dielectric liner 12 is formed on the sidewalls of the atleast one through-substrate trench 11 as in the first embodiment. The atleast one dielectric liner 12 can have the same composition as, and canbe formed by the same methods as, in the first embodiment. The at leastone dielectric liner 12 of the second embodiment contacts theanti-reflective layer 20. Thus, the at least one dielectric liner 12 ofthe second embodiment extends from the distal surface 33 of thedielectric layer 30, through the dielectric layer 30 and the substrate10, and to the anti-reflective layer 20.

Referring to FIGS. 11A and 11B, the at least one through-substratetrench 11 is filled with a conductive material to form at least oneconductive through-substrate via 40 as in the first embodiment. Theconductive material can have the same composition as, and can be formedby the same methods as, in the first embodiment. The at least onedielectric liner 12 and the at least one conductive through-substratevia 40 collectively constitute at least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure (12, 40), which is embedded in thesubstrate 10, and provides a vertical conductive path that iselectrically isolated in the lateral direction. The at least oneconductive through-substrate via 40 is conductively connected to thesurface region 39 of the substrate 10 through the anti-reflective layer20, but is not conductively connected to any other portion of thesubstrate 10. Particularly, the conductive through-substrate via 40 iselectrically isolated from the back surface 19 of the substrate 10.

The processing steps of FIGS. 6A-9B are performed in the same manner asin the first embodiment to provide the second exemplary photovoltaiccell structure shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B. As in the first embodiment,the first contiguous metal wiring structure 50A functions as one node ofthe first exemplary photovoltaic cell, and the second contiguous metalwiring structure 50B functions as the other node of the first exemplaryphotovoltaic cell. The first contiguous metal wiring structure 50A makesan electrical contact with the surface region 39 through the at leastone conductive through-substrate via 40 and the anti-reflective layer 20that include a conductive material.

Referring to FIGS. 13A and 13B, a third exemplary photovoltaic cellstructure according to a third embodiment of the present invention canbe derived from the first exemplary photovoltaic cell structure of FIGS.9A and 9B or from the second exemplary photovoltaic cell structure ofFIGS. 12A and 12B by recessing at least one portion of the substrate 10from the front side. Specifically, a fourth photoresist 67 can beapplied on a distal surface 23 of the anti-reflective layer 20 andlithographically patterned to form at least one opening therein.Preferably, the at least one opening in the fourth photoresist 67 isaligned to the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 locatedwithin the substrate 10. The pattern in the at least one opening in thefourth photoresist 67 is transferred through the anti-reflective layer20 and into the surface region 39 of the substrate 10 by an etch. Theetch may be an anisotropic etch that employs the fourth photoresist 67as the etch mask.

The etch forms at least one recessed region 61 on the front side of thesubstrate 10, i.e., on the side of the substrate 10 that includes thesurface region 39. The front side is located on the opposite side of thefirst and second contiguous metal wiring structures (50A, 50B). An endsurface of the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 isexposed in each of the at least one recessed region 61. Preferably, thedepth of the at least one recessed region 61 is controlled so that thebottom surface of each recessed region 61 is located within the surfaceregion 39 of the substrate 10. The fourth photoresist 67 is subsequentlyremoved selective to the at least one conductive through-substrate via40.

In the third embodiment, the anti-reflective layer 20 can be adielectric material, a semiconducting material, or a conductivematerial. If the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 is aone-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of a plurality ofconductive through-substrate vias 40, the at least one recessed region61 can be a one-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of aplurality of recessed regions 61.

As in the first embodiment, the front side of the first exemplaryphotovoltaic cell structure can have no conductive wiring structurebecause all conductive wiring structures (50A, 5013) are provided on thebackside of the substrate 10. Thus, the second exemplary photovoltaiccell structure increases the efficiency and/or compactness over priorart structures.

Referring to FIGS. 14A and 14B, at least one conductive plug 60 can beformed by depositing a conductive material in the at least one recessedregion 61 and planarizing the conductive material. The planarization maybe effected, for example, by chemical mechanical polishing, a recessetch, or a combination thereof. A top surface of the at least oneconductive plug 60 can be coplanar with the distal surface 23 of theanti-reflective layer 20. The at least one conductive plug 60 contactsthe at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 and the surfaceportion 10 of the substrate 10 that includes the photovoltaic material.The at least one conductive plug 60 laterally contacts sidewalls of theanti-reflective layer 20.

If the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 is aone-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of a plurality ofconductive through-substrate vias 40, the at least one conductive plug60 can be a one-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of aplurality of conductive plugs 60. Each of the plurality of conductiveplugs 60 does not contact any other of the plurality of conductive plugs60.

The lateral dimensions of at least one conductive plug 60 can begreater, equal to, or lesser than the lateral dimensions of the at leastone conductive through-substrate via 40. Thus, the area covered by theat least one conductive plug can be greater, equal to, or lesser than ahorizontal cross-sectional area of the at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40. The sidewalls of the at least one conductiveplug 60 contacts sidewalls of the surface region 39 of the substrate 10.A bottom surface of the at least one conductive plug 60 contacts the endsurface of an underlying conductive through-substrate via 40, and cancontact a horizontal surface of the surface region 39 depending on thelateral extent of the at least one conductive plug 60.

The front side of the third exemplary photovoltaic structure is studdedwith the at least one conductive plug 60. Each of at least oneconductive plug 16 is not connected to another of the least oneconductive plug 60 on the front side. Thus, a conductive line is notpresent on the front side of the third exemplary photovoltaic structure.The area covered by the at least one conductive plug 60 can be minimizedto a level lesser than prior art structures enable. For example, metallines on the front surface of prior art photovoltaic cells cover over10% of the area of a substrate. In contrast, the at least one conductiveplug 60 in the third embodiment of the present invention can be employedto cover less than 2% of the area of the substrate 10 withoutdegradation in performance because the at least one conductive plug 60and the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 provides aneffective and short conductive path to the backside of the substrate 10,and the first contiguous metal wiring structures 50A can utilize asignificant fraction, e.g., 40% or more, of the area of the substrate toform a conductive path.

Referring to FIGS. 15A and 15B, a fourth exemplary photovoltaic cellstructure according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention canbe derived from the second exemplary photovoltaic cell structure ofFIGS. 12A and 12B by recessing at least one portion of theanti-reflective layer 20. In the fourth embodiment, the anti-reflectivelayer 20 can be a dielectric material, a semiconducting material, or aconductive material.

For example, a fourth photoresist (not shown) can be applied on a distalsurface 23 of the anti-reflective layer 20 and lithographicallypatterned to form at least one opening therein. Preferably, the at leastone opening in the fourth photoresist is aligned to the at least oneconductive through-substrate via 40 located within the substrate 10. Thepattern in the at least one opening in the fourth photoresist istransferred through the anti-reflective layer 20. The pattern in thefourth photoresist is transferred is not transferred into the substrate10.

A conductive material layer is deposited and lithographically patternedto form at least one conductive plug 60. The at least one conductiveplug 60 contacts end surface(s) of the at least one conductivethrough-substrate via 40 and the front surface 17 of the substrate 10that includes the photovoltaic material. The at least one conductiveplug 60 laterally contacts sidewalls of the anti-reflective layer 20.

If the at least one conductive through-substrate via 40 is aone-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of a plurality ofconductive through-substrate vias 40, the at least one conductive plug60 can be a one-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of aplurality of conductive plugs 60. Each of the plurality of conductiveplugs 60 does not contact any other of the plurality of conductive plugs60.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and describedwith respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in formsand details can be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe present invention. It is therefore intended that the presentinvention not be limited to the exact forms and details described andillustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A photovoltaic cell structure comprising: asubstrate including a photovoltaic material that generates a non-zeroelectric potential across a front surface and a back surface of saidsubstrate upon irradiation by electromagnetic radiation, said substrateincluding a p-n junction between said front surface and said backsurface and including a surface portion located between said frontsurface and said p-n junction; at least one laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structure embedded in said substrate, whereinsaid at least one laterally-insulated through-substrate contactstructure comprises a conductive through-substrate via contacting saidsurface portion and not conductively connected to any portion of saidsubstrate between said p-n junction and said back surface; a firstcontiguous metal wiring structure that is spaced from said back surfaceand is in contact with said at least one conductive through-substratevia; a second contiguous metal wiring structure in contact with saidback surface of said substrate, wherein said non-zero electric potentialis provided across said first and second contiguous metal wiringstructures; and an anti-reflective layer located directly on said frontsurface, wherein said anti-reflective layer is a conductive material,and said at least one conductive through-substrate via is not in contactwith said anti-reflective layer, wherein a horizontal surface of said atleast one conductive through-substrate via is vertically spaced fromsaid anti-reflective layer by said surface portion of said photovoltaicmaterial, and said surface portion vertically contacts said at least oneconductive through-substrate via and said anti-reflective layer.
 2. Thephotovoltaic cell structure of claim 1, wherein said at least onelaterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure furthercomprises a dielectric liner.
 3. The photovoltaic cell structure ofclaim 2, wherein at least one dielectric liner and at least oneconductive through-substrate via that are within said at least onelaterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure protrude out ofsaid back surface of said substrate, wherein said photovoltaic cellfurther comprises a patterned dielectric layer having a proximal surfacethat contacts a portion of said back surface and a vertical surface thatcontacts outer sidewalls of said at least one dielectric liner.
 4. Thephotovoltaic cell structure of claim 3, wherein said patterneddielectric layer has a distal surface that is substantially coplanarwith a surface of said at least one conductive through-substrate via. 5.The photovoltaic cell structure of claim 3, wherein a proximal surfaceof said first contiguous metal wiring structure is in contact with saiddistal surface of said patterned dielectric layer, and verticalsidewalls of said first and second contiguous metal wiring structuresare directly adjoined to a distal surface of said patterned dielectriclayer.
 6. The photovoltaic cell structure of claim 3, wherein anentirety of a proximal surface of said first contiguous metal wiringstructure is coplanar with a distal surface of said patterned dielectriclayer, and a distal surface of said second contiguous metal wiringstructure is coplanar with a distal surface of said first contiguousmetal wiring structure.
 7. The photovoltaic cell structure of claim 2,wherein an end surface of said conductive through-substrate via islocated within said substrate and is spaced from said front surface. 8.The photovoltaic cell structure of claim 2, wherein said at least onelaterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure is a pluralityof laterally-insulated through-substrate contact structures.
 9. Thephotovoltaic cell structure of claim 8, wherein said plurality oflaterally-insulated through-substrate contact structure is aone-dimensional array of laterally-insulated through-substrate contactstructures or a two-dimensional array of laterally-insulatedthrough-substrate contact structures.
 10. The photovoltaic cellstructure of claim 1, wherein said substrate includes a p-dopedsemiconductor material and an n-doped semiconductor material that formsaid p-n junction at a surface between said front surface and said backsurface.